[翻譯] History of Basketball Coaching from …

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原文轉載 http://www.guidetocoachingbasketball.com/history.htm History of Basketball Coaching from 1922 to 2006 From the day Dr. Naismith invented the game in 1892 there has been a gradual changing of the rules. This was done in order to make the game exciting. Somebody said, "this single sport attracts more player participation than any other sport in America." 自 1892 年 Naismith 博士發明籃球這項美妙的運動以來，它的規則就不斷隨著時間而改變。改變規則的目的，是要讓球賽變得更刺激，有人曾經語帶誇示地說：「在美國，受籃球所吸引而參與的人口，要比其它任何運動來得多。」 The offensive skills have vastly improved since my birth in 1922. In my opinion, this has been due to better nurturing, coaching, and facilities. This, coupled with improved coaching techniques, has put a heavy burden on the defensive part of the game. Over the years, defenses have change out of necessity, to keep up with these improved offensive skills. This still continues in 2001. 從我於 1922 年出生到現在，關於籃球的進攻戰術（按：skills依上下文，譯為「戰術」似乎較「技巧」、「技能」來得貼切。雖然究其意，應該是指一個包含「戰術」與「技巧」的集合名詞，但目前想不到更好的字眼來詮釋）已有長足的進步。就我個人的意見，其中原因在於營養程度的普遍提高、教練的研發、與訓練設設施的完備。以上種種因素再加上執教技術的進步，使得籃球比賽中的防守方，必須承受巨大的壓力。因此，這些年來，防守同樣應需要而作出改變，以對抗日趨精良的進攻技巧。這樣的過程一直持續到現在，2001 年。 The early offensive skills, compared to today’s standards, were crude. Ball handling, dribbling, and shooting were far behind that of today. Most of us, in those earlier times, honed our skills in front of a barn door, with a basketball so lop-sided it would have been impossible to cross-over behind your back. In our shots, we had to allow for the wind, too. 以今天的表準來檢視早期的進攻戰術，是非常殘忍的一件事；過去在持球（handling）、運球切入（dribbling）與投射（shooting）等技巧方面，比起今日是遠遠不及。那時候，我們只能帶著籃球在穀倉門前練習。不規則的場地讓我們無法背後換手運球；每次出手投籃，甚至還要考慮風的影響。 Since the lay-up and shots at short range were the only good percentage shot for most of these early players, it was necessary to execute the pass exceedingly well. Most coaches discouraged dribbling because it took away team play and was often called "showboating". 既然早期的選手只有上籃（lay-up）與短距離投射比較有把握，如何把球傳進去就變得非常重要。大部分的教練因此認為球員持球切入會破壞團隊合作，而不加以鼓勵，且時常稱之為「賣弄技巧」。 Almost every player shot a two-handed underhand free throw that started from around the knees, or lower. Medium and long-shots were even taken in this manner into the early 1930’s; however, the shooter had to be 8 to 10 feet away from his defender to get the shot off. In the 1930’s some players began to develop an accurate outside two-handed set shot that started from the chest. The taller players were using hook shots within 4 to 10 feet of the basket in the late 1920’s. Defense dominated the game until the middle 1920’s. A good straight man-to-man drawn back into the lane made penetration difficult. Most game scores were low, usually in the 30’s. Each defensive player’s responsibility was to keep his man from scoring. He could expect to receive no more than token help from a teammate. Those were the days when you saw a true man-to-man defense. 直到三零年代早期，幾乎所有的球員都還在使用櫻木花道的馬桶式罰球，甚至中遠距離的投籃也是如此。可想而知，投籃的選手必須遠離防守者八到十呎遠才能夠出手。差不多三零年代左右，某些球員也開發出了用雙手從胸部開始推出的立定投籃姿勢，也有不錯的外線準度。二零年代晚期，個子高的球員都在籃框附近四到十呎的距離以鉤射（hook sh- ot）拿分。防守在二零年代中期以前，主宰了比賽的勝負。如果球隊能夠熟練從人盯人防守（man-to-man defense）變為緊縮籃下的方式，那麼持球滲透（penetration）將異常困難。三零年代的時候，比賽分數都很低；防守球員的任務就是讓對手不要投籃。他們所能夠得到的支援也相當稀少，換句話說說，那個年代的盯人防守，可算是真正的一對一防守。 Structured Basketball Offense Straight man-to-man defense began to lose its effectiveness when coaches began to structure offenses using screens and set plays. Since outside shooting and dribbling was discouraged, passing was the available skill that produced the desired lay-up or high-percentage shot. In those days, passing was considered the most important skill. In 1920, the rules committee even considered making the dribble illegal. The New York Celtics, World Professional Champions at that time, endorsed the action. They felt the dribble was a poor substitute for the pass and hurt the game. 自從教練開始在進攻面使用包含掩護（screens）與套路（set plays）的組織化進攻戰術（structure offenses）後，這種單純的盯人防守即逐漸失去效果。既然外線投籃與帶球切入不被鼓勵，利用傳球（passi- ng）製造機會絕佳的上籃，或高命中率的投籃就成為實用的技巧。那個年代裡，傳球被視為最重要的技巧。1920年，規則委員會甚至考慮將運球非法化。當時世界職業籃球冠軍隊：紐約塞爾特人隊，也贊同這項規則。他們認為運球切入不能用來取代傳球，甚至會危害比賽的品質（按：應指球隊的比賽品質）。 In the late 1920’s, as players began a gradual improvement in shooting and dribbling skills, the pass to get the close-in shot became less important. In the past 70 years shooting and dribbling skills have vastly improved; however, the skills for a penetrating pass has little or no improvement. This deficiency has a lot to do with the great successes of coaches using multiple defenses, today. Coach Dean Smith is a perfect example. 二零年代晚期，隨著球員投射與運球切入技能的逐漸進步，把球往內傳的攻擊方式變得不再如此重要（按：或許可以理解為餵球之類的技巧）。雖然過去七十年間，投射與持球切入這類技巧已經有了長足的進步，但切入滲透後分球的技術幾乎沒有任何進展。那是因為當時的教練能夠熟練地使用複合多樣的防守方式，他們在壓制切入分球這點上，取得了巨大的成功。Dean Smith 的防守系統即為當代有名的例子。 The Initial Passing or Motion Offenses It may surprise you young coaches to know that the popular passing and motion offenses being used today were initially used in the 1920’s. They were used then for the same reasons coaches use them in 2001: to get a high percentage shot against a tough man-to-man defense. In the 1920’s a high percentage shot was a lay-up. In 2001 it is a shot without a hand in your face. Those early pioneers spread the offense more than is used today. A 1-2-2 set was often used with screens taking place in the lane. If the screen was successful, he could get an uncontested lay-up. You see, weak-side help had not yet been perfected. When a defensive man could not fight over a screen his man would be open for an easy shot. Back then, the defensive man was taught to concentrate on his own man. In 2001, a good man-to-man defense sags on the weak-side and is always ready to help defend. If the defense tried to use a switching type of man-to-man, the offense with its constant motion and screening, without the defensive weak-side help, eventually caused a mix-up. This, of course, frees somebody for an open lay-up. This was the ideal offense for those times. Good outside shooters were a rare breed. Even the best college teams never had more than one good shooter. A good field goal percentage for those days was around 33 percent and nobody but the best shooter was allowed shots beyond 12 feet. 現今最熱門的各種 Motion Offense（按：passing可能指 MO 的特色之一，可能指 MO 的一種Passing Game；期間細微的差別與演變，容日後補述），其實早在二零年代左右就出現了。怎麼樣，嚇到了吧？你們這些菜鳥教練。不論何時，使用 MO 的理由都是一樣的：針對人盯人防守的陣勢，做出空檔以提高投籃命中率。不過在二零年代，命中率最高的投籃方式是上籃；2001年，則是投籃的時候前面沒有手在阻擋。過去常用的MO型態與今日不同，一組1-2-2 落位的 set，通常會運用禁區的掩護；如果掩護做得成功，空切的球員即可在無人干擾的情況下輕鬆上籃得分。講到這裡你可以發現，這種方式在過去之所以有效，是因為當時弱邊協防之觀念與技術開發尚不夠完整不夠完美。因此當防守空切的球員無法及時擠過掩護時，空切球員就已打開了一個輕鬆得分的機會。那時候的防守球員，只有被教導專注於自己的防守對象，沒有支援隊友的觀念。可是到了2001 年，優異的盯人防守必須做到弱邊的下沉（sag）包夾，且防守球員隨時準備相互支援。如果於盯人防守中採用換防（s- witching）的防守方針（按：意指在任何防守球員無法跟上自己的防守對象時，隊友即與之交換防守對象；常見換防的情況為檔拆與空手掩護）卻不重視弱邊的協防，則進攻方使用 MO 進行不斷掩護（按：掩護、切與傳球是MO的三個基本元素，不過按文意，似乎舊式 MO 特別強調掩護的成分）的方式，最終會造成防守方的錯亂。不用我說，進攻方會有人打開輕鬆上籃的機會。這就是過去理想的進攻模式。不過那個年代，精準的射手是稀有財。即使是全美頂尖的大學球隊，也從未一次擁有一個以上的好射手。當時的投籃命中率只要在差不多三成三左右，就已經算得上相當不錯，而且只有這些射手有權限於十二呎以外的距離出手。 Zone Basketball Defenses Became Popular In the mid-1930’s and 1940’s this type of offense led to zone defenses becoming popular. The zone was the answer to taking a team out of its offense. Lay-ups were more difficult and most of the shots came from 10 feet or more. Usually this shot was from a set position. Most zones, then, were the lay-back type forcing more outside shots. Good outside shooting always forced the zone farther out on the floor, opening up to more penetration for closer to the basket shots. The use of zones made it necessary for coaches to improve and encourage outside shooting skills. 自三零年代中期到四零年代，上述初代的MO，導致了區域防守（Zone Defense）的普及。區域防守正是壓制當時進攻方式的解答，讓籃下上籃更加困難，並迫使對手從十呎以外的地方出手。對手針對區域防守所做的投籃，通常來自於特定位置（按：區域防守通常有幾個死角較難防範，比如說短角）。我們可以輕易推知，區域防守源自於逼迫對手多投外線的想法。可是當隊員們練好一手外線，就能夠迫使區域防守往外延伸，製造更多滲透而取得距離籃框較近位置的投籃機會。因此，區域防守的出現，使教練必須改進並鼓勵外線投籃的技術。 Basketball Rule Changes Usually Favors the Offense Spectators always have enjoyed successful offensive play than defense. It is more exciting. Even most players enjoy offense better than defense. 觀眾看進攻永遠比看防守爽，進攻刺激多了，甚至大部分的球員也都樂於進攻而非防守。 Over the years, if you have paid attention, most rule changes of team sports in America have favored the offense. This is especially true when it comes to basketball. Popularity of the game has increased in the same proportion as has team scores. The rules committee did its part by implementing the 10 second rule in 1932. Five years later, in 1937, they took away the center jump after each score. These two changes changed the game dramatically. 如果你有注意那些美國團隊運動規則的演變，不難發現這些年來，絕大部分的規則改變有利於進攻方，尤其是籃球。球賽比分提高的比率，與籃球人口增加的比率是相同的。籃球規則委員會於 1932 年制定了十秒過半場的規則；五年後，他們拿掉了每次進球後，中鋒重新跳球的規定。這兩項規則改變，大大改變了籃球比賽。 A basketball injury removed me from any participation from 1936 until 1939 and I hardly recognized my favorite game once I recovered. With the ball being taken out-of-bounds at the end of the court after each score, a new offensive threat came on the scene. It was called the fast break. This created more action and the game became increasingly popular in high schools here in Indiana. Now it was possible for teams to score before a defense could set up at the opposite end and protect the basket area. Teams who adapted scored 50 to 70 percent of their points from the fast break. 1936年，我在球場上受了相當嚴重的傷。直到 1939 年返回球場時，我驚訝地發現，自己已經幾乎不認識心中最愛的籃球了。每次得分後，對手即從底線發球而非重新跳球，這項轉變帶來了新的進攻威脅：快攻（ fast break）。快攻讓比賽更具活動力，也因而提升了Indiana 這裡，高中學校的籃球普及程度。現在，球隊將有機會於對手在季幾的籃下佈好防守陣勢、準備保護籃框之前，快速進攻得手。善於快攻的球隊，每場比賽的得分中，快攻可以佔有五成到七成的比率。 -------------------------------------------------------------- 如有問題，歡迎指教。 -- ※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 125.228.186.138