[轉載] 導引
導引
又稱“道行”。或為內功修煉的總稱,或僅指動功修煉而言。導、道兩字的
原義相近,古代均可作疏通、宣導解。引有伸展,引而使之之意。導引一詞數見
於《黃帝內經》,如《素問·異法方宜論》、《奇病論》、《血氣形志論》、《
靈樞·病傳》、《官能》等篇章。《莊子·刻意》中也具體提到:“吹呴呼吸,
吐故納新,熊經鳥伸,為壽而已矣。此道引之士。養形之人,彭祖壽考者之所好
也。”從古人對導引的理解及結合古代修煉功法來看,導引有廣、狹兩義:1.廣
義的導引指靜的、動的修煉,成玄英《南華真經注疏》:“吹冷呼而吐故,呴暖
吸而納新,如熊攀樹而自經,類鳥飛空而伸腳。斯皆導引神氣以養形魂,延年之
道,駐形之術。故彭祖八百歲,白石三千年,壽考之人,即此之類。”吳尚先《
理瀹駢文》:“呼吸納新,熊經鳥伸八字,即導引法也。”郭沫若在《奴隸制時
代》一書中論及《行氣玉佩銘》時指出,“古人所說的道(導)引,即今人所說的
氣功。”此功即包括靜功、動功在內的廣義導引。2.狹義的導引僅指動功修煉。
如《三國志·華佗傳》所雲五禽戲能“除疾兼利蹄足,以當導引”。楊上善《黃
帝內經太素·遺文》稱:“導引,謂熊經鳥伸、五禽戲等,近愈痿辟萬病,遠取
長生久視也。”王冰《補注黃帝內經素問》“導引,謂搖盤骨,動肢節。”慧琳
《一切經音義》卷一八“凡人自摩自控,伸縮手足,除勞去煩,名為導引。”故
狹義的導引還包括自我按摩在內。此外,導引還指各種修煉姿勢及活動,如《抱
樸子·別旨》中的“或伸屈,或俯仰,或行臥,或倚立,或躑躅,或吟或息。皆
導引也。”或指在靜功修煉中的引氣攻病,《甯先生導引養生法》“於其疾所在
,行氣導引,以意排除去;”或如《太清導引養生經》中的“引出體內邪惡之氣
”此則有引導、誘導之意。至於具體的導引功法數量極大。如《玄鑒導引法》中
引抱樸子曰:“導引之道,務於詳和,俛仰安徐,屈伸有節。導引秘經,千有餘
條,或以逆卻末生之眾病,或以攻治已結之篤疾,行之有效,非空言也。”本辭
典中條目釋文中的導引,一般都指狹義導引而言。
※ 編輯: ilanese 來自: 61.216.249.206 (06/07 12:33)
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